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Cat Constipation
Feline constipation affects 15-20% of cats annually, progressing from simple dietary issues to life-threatening megacolon requiring subtotal colectomy in 10% chronic cases, with brachycephalic breeds (Persians, Exotics) and seniors (>10 years) showing 3-5x higher risk . Normal cats defecate 1-2 times daily producing firm formed stool; constipation defined as <3 bowel movements weekly or hard pellet stool production straining >5 minutes . This comprehensive expanded guide examines constipation management across USA, UK, Australia, and Asian markets, analyzing primary causes (dehydration 40%, hairballs 25%, dietary 20%), acute treatments (lactulose 0.5-1ml BID, cisapride 2.5-5mg BID, enemas), chronic management (high-fiber diets 15-20% crude fiber, Miralax 1/8 tsp daily), surgical interventions (subtotal colectomy 85% success), and prevention maintaining normal bowel function throughout cats’ 15-18 year lifespans.
Understanding Normal vs Abnormal Defecation
Normal Parameters: 1-2 bowel movements daily, formed moist brown stool 15-30g, no straining >1 minute, complete evacuation . Litter box avoidance, vocalization, prolonged squatting without production, or small hard pellets indicate constipation.
Frequency Spectrum: Some healthy cats defecate every 2-3 days without straining, though <1 weekly represents constipation regardless of stool quality. Kittens require daily stooling preventing obstruction from rapid growth/milk residue.
Litter Box Behavior: Positioned squatting >5 minutes, digging without production, leaving box repeatedly, or crying at box signal discomfort. Multiple cats increase competition stress exacerbating idiopathic constipation.
Primary Causes and Risk Factors
Dehydration (40%): Chronic kidney disease (30% senior cats), diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism mask fluid deficits; free-feeding dry food worsens subclinical dehydration . Water intake <40ml/kg/day indicates insufficiency.
Hairballs/Ingestion (25%): Long-haired breeds (Persians 60% incidence), excessive grooming from pruritus, pica (wool sucking) create mechanical obstruction . Linear foreign bodies (string, ribbon) cause life-threatening bunching.
Dietary (20%): Low-fiber (<3%) diets, sudden diet changes, raw feeding without bone content, insufficient moisture . Dry food exclusive feeding doubles risk vs. wet food .
Neuromuscular (10%): Pelvic fractures, spinal cord disease, lumbosacral stenosis, idiopathic megacolon (dilated colon >5cm diameter) . Manx cats predisposed congenitally.
Medications: Opioids, anticholinergics, diuretics worsen motility .
Acute Treatment: Medical Management
Lactulose: Osmotic laxative 0.5-1ml PO BID (10ml/kg/day divided), softens stool 24-48h, cats tolerate vanilla flavor . Dose to 2-3 soft stools daily; chronic use risks diarrhea/electrolyte loss.
Cisapride: Prokinetic 2.5-5mg PO BID stimulates colonic motility; compounded suspension palatable . Avoid cardiac patients (QT prolongation risk).
Miralax (PEG 3350): 1/8 tsp (0.8g) PO daily most tolerated osmotic; human equivalent safe indefinitely .
Stimulant Laxatives: Bisacodyl suppository (2-4mg) for refractory cases; avoid oral senna/cascara (cramping) .
Enemas (hospital only): Warm water (10ml/kg) or Fleet phosphate (caution hyperphosphatemia); NEVER human enemas home . Microenemas (5ml) for mild impaction.
High-Fiber Diets and Supplements
Prescription Fiber Diets: Hill’s w/d (15% fiber), Royal Canin Fiber Response (12% fiber) increase bulk/stimulate motility . Transition 7-10 days prevents refusal.
Psyllium Husk: 1/8 tsp powdered BID mixed wet food increases water retention/stool bulk . Pumpkin puree (1 tsp TID) alternative.
Probiotics: Fortiflora increases beneficial colonic bacteria 10x .
Chronic Management: Megacolon Prevention
Subtotal Colectomy: Gold standard for refractory megacolon (>3 month medical failure); removes 80-90% colon preserving 5-10cm rectum . 85% success; 10% recurrence mild constipation.
Indications: >3 month lactulose/cisapride failure, colon diameter >5cm, weight loss >10% .
Medical Colectomy Bridge: Polyethylene glycol BID + cisapride TID buys 6-12 months delaying surgery .
Hydration Strategies
Wet Food Transition: 75% moisture vs dry food 10%; gradual mixing prevents refusal . Multiple bowls, running fountains increase voluntary intake 50%.
Subcutaneous Fluids: 100ml lactated Ringer’s 2-3x weekly stage 2+ CKD prevents dehydration constipation .
Surgical and Emergency Interventions
Manual Disimpaction: Under anesthesia for severe impaction; risks perforation .
Linear Foreign Bodies: Exploratory laparotomy; 90% survival early intervention .
Post-Op Colectomy Care: Loose stool 4-6 weeks normal; fiber supplementation firms stool .
International Constipation Management
USA: Comprehensive diagnostics/treatments; compounded cisapride available .
UK: NHS vets emphasize dietary fiber first-line .
Australia: High raw feeding incidence increases obstruction risk .
India: Cost barriers favor dietary management .
Common Questions About Cat Constipation
Normal frequency? 1-2 daily; <1 weekly = constipation .
Safe home laxatives? Miralax 1/8 tsp daily; avoid enemas .
Megacolon surgery success? 85%; 10% recurrence .
Fiber sources? Psyllium, pumpkin, prescription w/d .
Emergency signs? >48h no stool + vomiting = obstruction .
Prevention Protocol: Wet food 70%+ diet, grooming control, litter box management, annual fecal exam prevents 80% constipation cases.
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