Raw Dog Food Diet: Complete Guide to Safety, Nutrition & Meal Plans

The raw dog food movement has surged in popularity over the past two decades, with advocates claiming superior health benefits and critics warning of serious safety risks. This comprehensive guide examines every aspect of raw feeding, from nutritional science and meal planning to safety protocols and cost analysis, providing dog owners with the detailed information needed to make informed decisions about this controversial feeding approach.

Understanding Raw Dog Food Diets

Raw dog food diets, commonly known as BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food or Bones and Raw Food), aim to replicate what canines would eat in their natural state. The philosophy behind raw feeding centers on the belief that dogs thrive on a diet similar to what their wild ancestors consumed, consisting primarily of raw meat, bones, organs, and minimal plant matter.​
The BARF diet was popularized by Australian veterinarian Dr. Ian Billinghurst in 1993, who proposed that adult dogs would thrive on an evolutionary diet based on what canines ate before they became domesticated. This approach represents a significant departure from commercial kibble and canned foods that dominate the modern pet food market.​
Raw feeding encompasses several different models and approaches. The Prey Model Raw (PMR) diet follows an 80/10/10 ratio consisting of 80% muscle meat, 10% edible bone, and 10% organ meat (with 5% being liver). This ratio aims to mimic the nutritional profile of whole prey animals. The BARF model incorporates additional components beyond meat, bone, and organs, including vegetables, fruits, and supplements to provide a more varied nutritional profile.​
Commercial raw food options have emerged to address convenience concerns, offering pre-made frozen or freeze-dried raw meals that claim to provide balanced nutrition without requiring extensive meal preparation. These products range from complete meals to supplements designed to enhance homemade raw diets.​
The raw feeding community emphasizes using human-grade meat sources whenever possible, rotating protein sources regularly, including appropriate bone content for calcium and phosphorus, incorporating organ meats for vitamins and minerals, and adding minimal plant matter for fiber and phytonutrients.​

The Science Behind Raw Feeding

Proponents of raw feeding cite several physiological characteristics of dogs that they argue support raw diets. Dogs possess highly acidic stomach environments with pH levels between 1 and 2, which theoretically helps break down raw bones and kill some bacteria. Their shorter digestive tracts compared to herbivores allow faster food passage, potentially reducing bacterial colonization time. Dogs produce strong digestive enzymes capable of breaking down raw proteins and fats efficiently.​
However, it’s crucial to understand that domestic dogs have undergone significant evolutionary changes during thousands of years of domestication. Research has shown genetic adaptations that enable dogs to digest starches more efficiently than wolves, challenging the notion that dogs should eat exactly like their wild ancestors.​
The theoretical benefits cited by raw feeding advocates include improved digestion and nutrient absorption from unprocessed foods, healthier skin and shinier coats from natural fatty acids, cleaner teeth and healthier gums from chewing raw bones, increased energy levels and improved muscle tone, smaller and firmer stools due to higher digestibility, and strengthened immune systems from natural enzymes and nutrients.​
Importantly, the scientific evidence supporting many of these claimed benefits remains limited. While individual dogs may experience improvements, controlled scientific studies demonstrating clear advantages of raw diets over properly formulated commercial diets are scarce. Major veterinary organizations, including the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA), have issued position statements expressing concern about raw feeding practices.​

Nutritional Requirements and Balance

Creating nutritionally complete raw meals requires understanding canine nutritional requirements and how different food components contribute to meeting those needs.

Protein Requirements

Protein forms the foundation of canine nutrition, providing essential amino acids necessary for muscle maintenance, immune function, and countless metabolic processes. Dogs require 22 amino acids, of which 10 are essential (must be obtained from diet). High-quality animal proteins provide complete amino acid profiles in bioavailable forms.​
Muscle meat should comprise approximately 80% of a raw diet following the PMR model, providing the bulk of protein and many B vitamins. Different protein sources offer varying nutrient profiles, making rotation important for comprehensive nutrition.​

Bone Content for Calcium and Phosphorus

Raw edible bones provide calcium and phosphorus in appropriate ratios for dogs. The ideal calcium to phosphorus ratio ranges from 1:1 to 1.3:1, with ratios outside this range potentially causing developmental orthopedic disease in growing dogs or metabolic bone disease in adults.​
Approximately 10% of a raw diet should consist of raw edible bones. Appropriate options include chicken necks, wings, and backs; turkey necks; duck necks and wings; lamb ribs; and rabbit portions. These bones are soft enough for dogs to chew and digest safely.​
Never feed cooked bones, which become brittle and can splinter, causing serious gastrointestinal injuries. Weight-bearing bones from large animals (beef or bison leg bones) are too hard and can fracture teeth.​
The calcium provided by raw bones is crucial for bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, blood clotting, and enzyme function. Insufficient calcium in growing puppies causes severe skeletal abnormalities.​

Organ Meat for Vitamins and Minerals

Organ meats are nutritional powerhouses providing vitamins and minerals difficult to obtain from muscle meat alone. Approximately 10% of a raw diet should consist of organ meats, with 5% being liver and 5% being other secreting organs.​
Liver is extraordinarily rich in vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, copper, and folic acid. It’s one of the most nutrient-dense foods available but must be fed in moderation as excessive vitamin A causes toxicity.​
Other beneficial organ meats include kidney (rich in B vitamins, iron, and zinc), heart (technically a muscle meat but often grouped with organs, rich in CoQ10 and taurine), spleen (rich in iron), pancreas (provides digestive enzymes), and brain (provides omega-3 fatty acids).​

Fat Content

Dietary fat provides concentrated energy, essential fatty acids, and aids absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Dogs require both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, with the optimal ratio being approximately 5:1 to 10:1.​
Fatty fish like salmon, sardines, and mackerel provide omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) crucial for cognitive function, inflammatory response, skin health, and cardiovascular health.​

Plant Matter and Fiber

While controversial within the raw feeding community, many practitioners include small amounts of vegetables and fruits. The BARF model typically includes about 10-15% plant matter, while the PMR model excludes vegetables entirely.​
When included, vegetables should be finely chopped, pureed, or lightly steamed to break down cellulose walls, making nutrients more accessible since dogs lack the enzymes to digest plant cell walls efficiently.​
Appropriate vegetable options include leafy greens (spinach, kale, broccoli), cruciferous vegetables (Brussels sprouts, cabbage), root vegetables in moderation (carrots, sweet potatoes), and small amounts of berries.​

Essential Supplements

Even carefully planned raw diets may require supplementation to meet all nutritional requirements. Essential supplements for raw-fed dogs include vitamin E (acts as an antioxidant protecting fats from oxidation), omega-3 fatty acids if not regularly feeding fatty fish, vitamin D if not feeding appropriate fish or organs, iodine from kelp or seaweed, zinc if protein sources are limited, and manganese for bone and cartilage development.​

The 80/10/10 Rule Explained

The 80/10/10 rule represents the foundational ratio for Prey Model Raw feeding, designed to mimic the nutritional composition of whole prey animals. Understanding and implementing this ratio correctly is crucial for providing balanced nutrition.​

80% Muscle Meat

The majority of a raw diet consists of muscle meat from various animal sources. This component provides protein, amino acids, water, some B vitamins, iron, zinc, and other minerals.​
Appropriate muscle meats include chicken thighs and breasts, turkey, beef (various cuts), lamb, pork, rabbit, duck, venison, and other game meats. Rotating between different protein sources over time ensures varied nutrient intake and reduces the risk of developing food sensitivities.​
Muscle meat can include small amounts of connective tissue and fat, which provide additional nutrients and energy. Extremely lean meat may require added fat to meet energy needs.​

10% Edible Bone

Raw edible bones provide essential calcium and phosphorus. The key term is “edible”—bones must be raw, appropriately sized, and soft enough for the dog to consume safely.​
Examples of appropriate edible bones include chicken wings, necks, backs, and feet; turkey necks; duck necks and wings; whole or partial quail; lamb ribs and breast; rabbit portions; and fish with soft bones.​
The bone content can be adjusted based on stool consistency. Firm, crumbly white stools indicate too much bone, while loose stools may indicate insufficient bone. Individual dogs vary in their optimal bone percentage.​

10% Organ Meat (5% Liver, 5% Other Organs)

Organ meats provide concentrated vitamins and minerals essential for health. The 10% organ requirement splits evenly between liver and other secreting organs.​
Liver from various animals (beef, chicken, lamb, pork) provides vitamin A, vitamin D, B vitamins, iron, and copper. Because vitamin A accumulates in the body and can cause toxicity, liver should constitute no more than 5% of the diet.​
Other beneficial secreting organs include kidney, spleen, pancreas, brain, testicles, and thymus. These organs provide B vitamins, iron, zinc, selenium, and other trace minerals.​
Heart, while sometimes grouped with organs, is technically muscle meat and can be counted as part of the 80% muscle meat portion. However, heart is exceptionally nutritious, providing taurine and CoQ10.​

Practical Application

For a 20kg (44lb) dog eating 2-3% of body weight daily (400-600g of food), the 80/10/10 breakdown would be 320-480g muscle meat, 40-60g edible bone, and 40-60g organ meat (20-30g liver, 20-30g other organs).​
Many raw feeders find it practical to prepare meals in batches, calculating ratios across multiple meals rather than trying to achieve exact percentages in every meal. As long as the diet balances over time (typically calculated weekly), occasional variation in daily ratios is acceptable.​

Health Benefits: Evidence and Claims

Raw feeding advocates report numerous health improvements in their dogs. Understanding which claims have scientific support versus which remain anecdotal is important for making informed decisions.

Dental Health

One of the most commonly cited benefits is improved dental health. Chewing raw meaty bones provides mechanical cleaning action that can reduce plaque and tartar buildup. The gnawing action exercises jaw muscles and may strengthen teeth and gums.​
However, dental benefits depend on appropriate bone selection and feeding practices. Bones that are too hard can fracture teeth, while bones that are too easy don’t provide sufficient cleaning action. Regular veterinary dental assessments remain important even for raw-fed dogs.​

Coat and Skin Health

Many owners report shinier coats and healthier skin after switching to raw diets. This improvement likely relates to the natural fatty acid content in raw meat and fish, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that support skin barrier function and reduce inflammation.​
However, high-quality commercial foods also contain appropriate fatty acid levels. The observed improvements may sometimes reflect correction of deficiencies in previous diets rather than inherent superiority of raw feeding.​

Digestive Health and Stool Quality

Raw-fed dogs typically produce smaller, firmer stools due to higher digestibility of raw meat compared to grain-heavy kibbles. The lack of fillers and processing may benefit dogs with sensitive digestive systems.​
Some dogs with chronic digestive issues show improvement on raw diets, though determining whether the benefit comes from the raw nature of food or elimination of specific ingredients (grains, certain proteins) can be difficult.​

Energy Levels and Body Condition

Advocates report improved energy levels and better muscle tone in raw-fed dogs. The high protein and fat content supports maintenance of lean muscle mass, while the absence of carbohydrate fillers may help prevent obesity in some dogs.​

Weight Management

The high protein content and absence of carbohydrate fillers in raw diets may facilitate weight management in overweight dogs. Protein provides satiety while supporting maintenance of lean muscle mass during weight loss.​

Immune System Function

Some proponents claim raw diets strengthen immune function through natural enzymes, beneficial bacteria, and nutrient availability. However, scientific evidence supporting superior immune function in raw-fed versus appropriately fed kibble-fed dogs remains limited.​

Limited Scientific Evidence

It’s important to note that while many owners report subjective improvements, rigorous scientific studies comparing raw-fed dogs to dogs fed high-quality commercial diets are limited. Many cited benefits could potentially be achieved through premium commercial foods formulated to meet similar nutritional goals.​
The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association states there are “limited data supporting clinically relevant beneficial impacts in dogs fed RMBD over appropriate conventional cooked diets”.​

Health Risks and Safety Concerns

Major veterinary organizations worldwide have issued warnings about raw feeding due to documented health risks to both pets and humans. Understanding these risks is essential for anyone considering raw diets.

Bacterial Contamination

Raw meat frequently harbors pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella, Escherichia coli (including antimicrobial-resistant strains), Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium species.​
A significant UK study published in 2022 found that dogs fed raw meat diets had substantially higher rates of bacterial contamination. Salmonella species were detected in 4% of raw-fed dogs and in zero non-raw-fed dogs. Antimicrobial-resistant E. coli was detected in 54% of raw-fed dogs compared to 17% of non-raw-fed dogs. Multi-drug-resistant E. coli was found in 25% of raw-fed dogs versus 4% of non-raw-fed dogs. Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli was detected in 31% of raw-fed dogs compared to 4% of non-raw-fed dogs.​
These findings are particularly concerning because third-generation cephalosporins are classified as highest priority critically important antimicrobials by the World Health Organization. Dogs shedding resistant bacteria can transmit them to humans, creating serious public health risks.​
Raw meat sold in supermarkets commonly contains pathogenic bacteria. Studies have detected E. coli, Salmonella, and other pathogens in commercial raw meat intended for human consumption, and contamination rates in raw pet food products are similar or higher.​

Human Health Risks

Humans can become infected through handling raw pet food, cleaning food bowls and preparation areas, contact with dog saliva and feces, and contact with surfaces the dog touches after eating.​
Vulnerable populations face particularly high risks, including young children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons. Infections that cause mild symptoms in healthy adults can be life-threatening in these groups.​
The FDA has issued multiple warnings and recalls of raw pet food products due to bacterial contamination, including Darwin’s Natural Pet Products in 2025 due to E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella contamination.​

Veterinary Organization Positions

The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) discourages feeding inadequately treated animal-source protein to cats and dogs due to public health risks.​
The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association states “compelling evidence for health risks to pets fed raw meat-based pet food products, including raw meat-based diets, and to humans who are in contact with such products or in contact with pets that consume them.” They conclude that “scientific evidence of animal and human health risks in feeding RMB pet food products outweighs any purported benefits”.​
Multiple other national and international veterinary associations have issued similar warnings.​

Nutritional Imbalances

Homemade raw diets risk nutritional deficiencies or excesses if not properly formulated. Common issues include calcium-phosphorus imbalances causing skeletal abnormalities in growing dogs, vitamin A toxicity from excessive liver, vitamin deficiencies from unbalanced organ meat ratios, insufficient or excessive fat content, and missing micronutrients.​

Parasitic Infections

Raw meat can harbor parasites including Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Trichinella spiralis, and various tapeworm species. Freezing meat for appropriate periods kills most parasites, but not all dog owners follow this precaution.​

Physical Hazards

Bone fragments can cause esophageal or gastrointestinal obstruction or perforation, tooth fractures from inappropriately hard bones, and choking hazards from improperly sized pieces.​

Zoonotic Disease Transmission

Dogs can become asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, shedding bacteria in feces and saliva without showing illness signs themselves. This creates ongoing transmission risks to household members.​

Safety Protocols and Handling Procedures

If choosing to feed raw despite the documented risks, implementing strict safety protocols is essential for minimizing bacterial contamination and transmission risks.

Sourcing and Storage

Purchase meat from reputable suppliers, preferably human-grade sources with proper food safety protocols. Never use meat that has exceeded safe storage times or shows signs of spoilage.​
Freeze raw meat at -20°C (-4°F) for at least three weeks to kill most parasites before feeding. Store raw food in dedicated containers separate from human food, using the bottom shelf of the freezer to prevent drip contamination.​
Thaw frozen raw food in the refrigerator, never on the counter. Use thawed food within 24-48 hours. Never refreeze thawed raw meat.​

Preparation Area Safety

Designate specific preparation areas for raw food, ideally separate from human food preparation zones. Use dedicated cutting boards, knives, and bowls exclusively for raw pet food.​
Wear gloves during food preparation when possible. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and hot water before and after handling raw meat, after touching contaminated surfaces, and before touching other surfaces or people.​
Clean and disinfect all surfaces, utensils, and containers that contact raw meat immediately after use using hot soapy water followed by appropriate disinfectants.​

Feeding Practices

Feed raw meals in easily cleanable areas, preferably not carpeted. Consider using washable mats under feeding areas. Remove uneaten food within 30 minutes, especially in warm weather.​
Wash food bowls with hot soapy water after every meal. Consider using disposable bowls or dishwasher-safe bowls that can be sanitized at high temperatures.​
Prevent dogs from licking faces, especially of children, after eating raw meals. Supervise interactions between raw-fed dogs and vulnerable individuals.​

Waste Management

Clean up dog feces promptly, using gloves or bags. Dispose of waste appropriately, away from areas where children play or people garden.​
Wash outdoor areas where dogs defecate regularly to reduce environmental bacterial load.​

Personal Hygiene

Maintain strict hand hygiene, especially before eating, preparing human food, or touching vulnerable individuals. Teach children never to touch dog food or bowls.​
Regularly disinfect floors and surfaces in areas where raw-fed dogs spend time, as they can transfer bacteria from their mouths and paws.​

Transitioning to Raw Food

Switching from commercial food to raw diets requires a gradual, carefully managed transition to avoid digestive upset and allow the dog’s system to adjust.

Pre-Transition Preparation

Before beginning the transition, research raw feeding thoroughly, consult with a veterinarian about your dog’s specific health needs, prepare storage and preparation areas, source suppliers for meat and bones, and consider consulting with a veterinary nutritionist, especially for puppies, senior dogs, or dogs with health conditions.​

Fasting Period

Some raw feeding advocates recommend a 12-24 hour fast before introducing raw food to “clear the system.” However, this approach is controversial and unnecessary for most dogs. Consult with your veterinarian, especially for puppies, senior dogs, or dogs with health conditions.​

Gradual Transition Method

The standard approach involves gradually increasing raw food while decreasing previous food over 7-14 days. Begin with 90% old food and 10% raw food for 2-3 days. If stools remain normal, increase to 75% old food and 25% raw food for 2-3 days. Continue increasing raw food by 25% every 2-3 days until reaching 100% raw food.​
Monitor stool consistency throughout the transition. Slight looseness during transition is normal, but severe diarrhea indicates the transition is proceeding too quickly. Return to the previous ratio if digestive upset occurs.​

Starting with Bland Proteins

Begin with easily digestible, mild proteins like chicken or turkey. Introduce richer proteins (beef, lamb) and organs gradually after the dog tolerates basic proteins well.​
Start with boneless meat initially, adding bones gradually once the dog adapts to raw meat digestion.​

Special Considerations for Different Life Stages

Puppies require special attention during transitions. Their rapidly developing systems need consistent, balanced nutrition. Transitions should be even more gradual, and consultation with a veterinary nutritionist is strongly recommended.​
Senior dogs may require longer transition periods, sometimes up to a month. Their digestive systems may be accustomed to decades of commercial food, requiring more time to adjust. Consider supporting their digestion with probiotics or canned pumpkin.​
For senior dogs, feed approximately 2-3% of ideal body weight daily, adjusting for activity level. Lower activity levels in seniors typically require fewer calories than younger dogs.​

Monitoring During Transition

Watch for changes in stool consistency, energy levels, coat condition, appetite, and behavior. Take photos before starting to track visible changes over time.​
Expect an initial detoxification period where the dog may experience temporary symptoms including slight lethargy, minor skin changes, or altered stool consistency. These typically resolve within days to weeks.​

When Transition Isn’t Appropriate

Raw diets may not be suitable for dogs with severely compromised immune systems, dogs in households with immunocompromised humans, dogs with certain medical conditions (consult veterinarian), or puppies or dogs requiring precise nutritional management for specific health issues.​

Complete Meal Planning and Recipes

Creating balanced, nutritionally complete raw meals requires understanding proper ratios, appropriate ingredients, and practical preparation methods.

Basic BARF Recipe for Adult Dogs (10-20kg)

This recipe provides a complete meal following BARF principles, serving as a template that can be adjusted for different dog sizes.​
Ingredients: 2kg fresh chicken thighs with skin and bone (approximately 20% bone content), 800g fresh lean meat (beef mince, lamb, or beef tripe), 400g organ meat (liver, heart, kidney—with half being liver), 200g lightly steamed and blitzed vegetables (kale, spinach, broccoli, carrots), 2 fresh eggs with shells, 2 tins of sardines (not in brine), and 10g seaweed supplement.​
Preparation: Lightly steam vegetables and blend until finely chopped. Grind or finely chop all meat components. Crush egg shells and mix with eggs. Combine all ingredients thoroughly, mixing until evenly distributed. Divide into meal-sized portions based on dog’s weight. Freeze portions in appropriate containers, thawing 24 hours before feeding in the refrigerator.​

Large Batch Recipe for Multiple Dogs

For households with multiple dogs or those preparing monthly supplies, larger batches ensure consistency and save time.​
Ingredients: 4kg organic chicken or turkey pieces with bone, 2kg duck carcass mince with 10% bone, 2kg fatty beef, lamb, or pork mince, 1kg organ mix (heart, liver, kidney), 1kg fresh or frozen vegetables (green beans, broccoli, kale), 6 organic eggs with shells, and 10g seaweed supplement.​
Preparation follows the same process as the basic recipe, with thorough mixing and appropriate portioning for freezing.

Simple Boneless Recipe with Bone Meal

For those unable to source appropriate raw bones, calcium can be provided through bone meal supplementation.​
Ingredients: Raw boneless meat (beef, chicken, or turkey), raw eggs, bone meal powder (following package directions for appropriate calcium), organ meats (liver and others), and optional vegetables.​
This approach requires careful calcium calculation to ensure appropriate amounts without excess.

Prey Model Raw Meal Example

Following the strict 80/10/10 ratio without added vegetables.​
Ingredients: 800g organic ground turkey (muscle meat), 100g duck feet or chicken wings (raw meaty bones), 100g secreting organ mix including liver, and kelp powder according to package directions.​
Preparation: Combine all ingredients, mix thoroughly, and portion appropriately. The simplicity of PMR makes it appealing to many raw feeders.​

Calculating Portions by Weight

Feed approximately 2-3% of the dog’s ideal adult body weight daily, adjusting based on activity level, age, and body condition. Active or growing dogs may require up to 3%, while sedentary or senior dogs may need only 2%.​
Example calculations: 5kg dog receives 100-150g daily, 10kg dog receives 200-300g daily, 20kg dog receives 400-600g daily, 30kg dog receives 600-900g daily.​
Monitor body condition regularly, adjusting portions as needed to maintain ideal weight with visible waist and palpable but not prominent ribs.​

Protein Rotation Schedule

Variety prevents nutritional gaps and reduces the risk of developing food sensitivities. A sample rotation schedule might include Week 1: Chicken, Week 2: Beef, Week 3: Turkey, Week 4: Lamb, with continual rotation through different protein sources.​
Include different organ meats from various animals to provide varied nutrient profiles. Rotate vegetables if including them, offering different options throughout the month.​

Foods to Avoid

Never feed onions, garlic in large amounts, grapes, raisins, sultanas, chocolate, avocado, macadamia nuts, xylitol (artificial sweetener), cooked bones, and peach, apricot, or plum pits.​

Cost Analysis: Raw vs. Commercial Food

Understanding the financial commitment of raw feeding helps owners make informed decisions and budget appropriately.

Monthly Raw Feeding Costs

Cost varies dramatically based on sourcing, protein choices, and whether using commercial raw products or DIY preparation.​
For a 20kg (44lb) dog eating 400-600g daily (2-3% of body weight), monthly food requirements are approximately 12-18kg of raw food.​
DIY raw feeding costs using bulk meat purchases: Budget proteins (chicken, turkey) cost approximately $3-5 per kg, resulting in monthly costs of $36-90. Mid-range proteins (beef, pork) cost approximately $5-8 per kg, resulting in monthly costs of $60-144. Premium proteins (lamb, venison, novel proteins) cost approximately $8-15 per kg, resulting in monthly costs of $96-270.​
These figures don’t include organs, which typically cost $2-5 per kg, and vegetables/supplements adding $10-30 monthly.​
Realistic monthly DIY raw feeding costs for a 20kg dog range from $80-200, depending on protein choices and sourcing.​

Commercial Raw Food Costs

Pre-made commercial raw foods offer convenience but cost significantly more than DIY preparation. Commercial frozen raw meals typically cost $8-15 per kg, resulting in monthly costs of $96-270 for a 20kg dog. Freeze-dried raw foods (requiring rehydration) cost $15-25 per kg, resulting in monthly costs of $180-450.​

Comparison to Premium Kibble

High-quality grain-free kibble typically costs $3-6 per kg. A 20kg dog eating kibble at 2% of body weight (approximately 400g daily) requires 12kg monthly, costing $36-72.​
Premium kibble remains significantly cheaper than raw feeding, though the gap narrows when comparing to the most economical DIY raw feeding using bulk chicken.​

Cost-Saving Strategies

Purchase meat in bulk from wholesale suppliers, farmers, or butchers offering bulk discounts. Buy whole chickens and process them yourself rather than purchasing pre-cut portions. Source organs from local butchers who often sell them cheaply or give them away. Join raw feeding co-ops where members pool orders for bulk discounts. Take advantage of grocery store markdowns on meat approaching sell-by dates (freeze immediately). Grow vegetables in a home garden if including plant matter. Consider whole prey options (rabbits, quail) which can be more economical than purchasing separate components.​

Hidden Costs

Beyond food costs, consider additional expenses including dedicated freezer space (potentially requiring a separate freezer), increased electricity costs from freezer operation, preparation equipment (grinders, bowls, storage containers), supplements to balance homemade diets, potential increased veterinary costs if nutritional imbalances occur, and additional time investment for sourcing, preparation, and cleaning.​

Cost by Dog Size

Costs scale dramatically with dog size. Small dogs (5-10kg) cost approximately $30-100 monthly for DIY raw feeding. Medium dogs (10-25kg) cost approximately $60-200 monthly. Large dogs (25-40kg) cost approximately $100-350 monthly. Giant dogs (40kg+) cost approximately $150-500+ monthly.​

Long-Term Financial Considerations

Some raw feeding advocates argue that improved health from raw diets may reduce veterinary costs over the dog’s lifetime through fewer allergies, better dental health, and improved overall condition. However, no comprehensive studies have demonstrated significant long-term cost savings, and the risk of foodborne illness could potentially increase veterinary expenses.​

Special Dietary Considerations

Different life stages and health conditions require modifications to standard raw feeding approaches.

Raw Feeding for Puppies

Puppies have substantially higher nutritional requirements than adult dogs due to rapid growth and development. Improper puppy nutrition causes serious, sometimes irreversible developmental problems.​
Puppies require precise calcium-phosphorus ratios between 1:1 and 1.3:1. Deviations cause developmental orthopedic diseases including hip dysplasia, osteochondritis dissecans, and angular limb deformities.​
Feed puppies 4-6 times daily when very young, gradually reducing to 3-4 meals by 3-4 months, and 2-3 meals by 6 months. Puppies require approximately 2-3% of expected adult body weight, adjusted based on growth rate and body condition.​
Consultation with a veterinary nutritionist is strongly recommended when raw feeding puppies to ensure balanced nutrition during critical growth phases.​

Raw Feeding for Senior Dogs

Senior dogs benefit from nutritional adjustments addressing age-related changes including slowed metabolism requiring fewer calories, reduced activity levels, potential chronic health conditions (kidney disease, arthritis), and dental issues that may make chewing difficult.​
Transitioning senior dogs to raw diets requires extra patience. Proceed slowly over 10 days to a month, as digestive systems accustomed to commercial food need time to adjust. Support digestion with probiotics or canned pumpkin during transition.​
Senior dogs may require softer cuts of meat or ground options if dental health is compromised. Bones must be appropriately sized and soft enough for aging teeth.​
With proper nutritional balance, senior dogs on raw diets may experience improved energy levels, mental clarity, reduced inflammation from arthritis, and easier weight management.​

Dogs with Food Allergies

Raw diets offer potential benefits for dogs with food allergies by allowing complete control over ingredients and easy identification of problem foods.​
Implement elimination diets using single novel proteins (venison, duck, rabbit, kangaroo) not previously fed. Gradually reintroduce other proteins one at a time, monitoring for allergic responses. Avoid common allergens including beef, dairy, wheat, chicken, lamb, and soy.​

Dogs with Pancreatitis

Dogs with pancreatitis require low-fat diets, making standard raw feeding challenging since raw meat typically contains substantial fat. If raw feeding dogs with pancreatitis, use extremely lean proteins, remove visible fat and skin, avoid fatty fish, and consult with a veterinary nutritionist for appropriate formulation.​

Dogs with Kidney Disease

Dogs with kidney disease require reduced phosphorus intake, making bone content problematic. Raw feeding may be inappropriate for dogs with advanced kidney disease. If attempting raw feeding with early kidney disease, reduce bone content, select lower-phosphorus proteins, and work closely with a veterinary nutritionist.​

Performance and Working Dogs

Active working dogs, sporting dogs, and performance athletes have substantially elevated energy requirements. Increase portion sizes to 3-4% of body weight or higher based on activity level and body condition. Emphasize fatty proteins for sustained energy and include additional fat sources if needed.​

Addressing Common Concerns and Myths

Raw feeding controversies stem from conflicting information, anecdotal evidence, and passionate beliefs on both sides.

“Dogs Have Eaten Raw Meat for Thousands of Years”

While ancestral canines ate raw prey, domestic dogs have undergone significant evolutionary changes during thousands of years of domestication. Genetic studies show dogs have developed enhanced starch digestion capacity compared to wolves, indicating adaptation to varied diets including cooked foods and carbohydrates.​
Additionally, ancestral canines had much shorter lifespans than modern dogs. Optimizing nutrition for longevity requires approaches based on current nutritional science rather than solely mimicking ancestral diets.​

“Raw Diets Cure All Health Problems”

While some dogs show improvement on raw diets, raw feeding is not a miraculous cure-all. Health improvements may result from elimination of specific ingredients (grains, certain proteins) rather than the raw nature of food itself.​
High-quality commercial foods can provide similar benefits through premium ingredients and appropriate formulation without bacterial contamination risks.​

“Healthy Dogs Won’t Get Sick from Bacteria”

While dogs’ acidic stomach environments and short digestive tracts provide some protection against pathogens, they are not immune to foodborne illness. Dogs can and do become sick from contaminated raw meat, and they can become asymptomatic carriers shedding bacteria without showing illness signs.​

“Freezing Kills All Bacteria”

Freezing kills parasites when done properly (at least three weeks at -20°C), but it does not kill bacteria. Salmonella, E. coli, and other bacteria survive freezing and become active again when meat thaws.​

“Commercial Raw Food Is Safe”

Commercial raw pet food products have been subject to numerous recalls due to bacterial contamination, including products from reputable companies. Pre-made raw foods carry the same bacterial risks as homemade raw diets.​

“Cooking Destroys All Nutrients”

While some heat-sensitive vitamins are reduced during cooking, cooking does not destroy all nutrients. Well-formulated cooked or commercial diets provide complete, balanced nutrition. The trade-off between slight nutrient reduction and elimination of pathogenic bacteria favors cooking from a food safety perspective.​

Frequently Asked Questions

Is raw dog food safe for my family?

Raw dog food carries documented risks to human health, particularly for vulnerable populations including young children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons. Bacteria from raw meat can transfer to humans through handling food, cleaning bowls, contact with dog saliva and feces, and contaminated household surfaces. Major veterinary organizations including the AVMA and CVMA advise against raw feeding due to public health concerns.​

How do I transition my dog to a raw diet?

Transition gradually over 7-14 days, starting with 90% old food and 10% raw food, increasing raw food by 25% every 2-3 days while monitoring stool consistency. Begin with bland, easily digestible proteins like chicken before introducing richer meats and organs. Senior dogs may require longer transitions up to a month. Consider supporting digestion with probiotics during the transition period.​

How much raw food should I feed my dog?

Feed approximately 2-3% of your dog’s ideal adult body weight daily, divided into one or two meals. A 20kg (44lb) dog typically receives 400-600g daily. Active dogs and puppies may require 3% or more, while sedentary or senior dogs may need only 2%. Monitor body condition regularly, adjusting portions to maintain ideal weight.​

What is the 80/10/10 rule?

The 80/10/10 rule describes the Prey Model Raw feeding ratio: 80% muscle meat, 10% edible raw bone, and 10% organ meat (with 5% being liver and 5% being other secreting organs). This ratio aims to mimic the nutritional composition of whole prey animals.​

Can I feed raw food to puppies?

Puppies can be fed raw diets, but extreme care is required to ensure proper nutritional balance during critical growth phases. Incorrect calcium-phosphorus ratios cause serious developmental orthopedic diseases. Consultation with a veterinary nutritionist is strongly recommended when raw feeding puppies. Feed puppies multiple times daily, gradually reducing meal frequency as they mature.​

How much does raw feeding cost?

Monthly costs vary dramatically based on dog size, protein choices, and whether using DIY or commercial raw food. For a 20kg dog, DIY raw feeding using economical proteins costs approximately $80-120 monthly, while premium proteins cost $150-200 monthly. Commercial raw foods cost $96-450 monthly depending on format. Compare this to premium kibble at $36-72 monthly for the same dog.​

Do I need to add supplements to raw food?

Even carefully planned raw diets may require supplementation. Essential supplements include vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids (if not regularly feeding fatty fish), vitamin D (if not feeding appropriate fish or organs), iodine from kelp, zinc, and manganese. Supplements should be added based on the specific ingredients in your dog’s diet.​

Can raw bones hurt my dog?

Raw edible bones are generally safe when appropriately sized and sourced, but risks exist. Choose soft, appropriately sized bones like chicken necks, wings, or turkey necks. Never feed cooked bones (they splinter), weight-bearing bones from large animals (too hard, can fracture teeth), or inappropriately sized bones that pose choking hazards. Supervise bone consumption and remove pieces that become too small.​

What meat should I avoid feeding raw?

While most meats are suitable for raw feeding, take precautions with pork (freeze for at least three weeks to kill trichinella parasites), wild game (may carry additional parasites—freeze thoroughly), and fish with small bones that might cause choking. Never feed processed meats like bacon, sausages, or deli meats due to high salt and additive content.​

Should I include vegetables in raw dog food?

This remains controversial within the raw feeding community. The BARF model includes 10-15% vegetables for fiber and phytonutrients, while the Prey Model Raw excludes vegetables entirely. If including vegetables, puree or lightly steam them to break down cellulose walls, making nutrients accessible. Appropriate options include leafy greens, cruciferous vegetables, and small amounts of berries.​

How do I safely handle raw dog food?

Use dedicated preparation areas, cutting boards, and utensils for raw pet food. Wear gloves during preparation when possible. Wash hands thoroughly before and after handling raw meat. Clean and disinfect all surfaces and utensils immediately after use. Thaw frozen food in the refrigerator, never on the counter. Store raw food on the bottom freezer shelf to prevent drip contamination. Wash food bowls with hot soapy water after every meal.​

Can raw food help my dog’s allergies?

Raw diets may help dogs with food allergies by allowing complete ingredient control and easy identification of problem foods. Implement elimination diets using single novel proteins not previously fed, gradually reintroducing other proteins while monitoring for reactions. However, environmental allergies will not improve from dietary changes.​

Is commercial raw food better than homemade?

Commercial raw foods offer convenience and may be formulated by veterinary nutritionists to ensure balanced nutrition. However, they carry the same bacterial contamination risks as homemade raw food and cost significantly more. Commercial products have been subject to numerous recalls due to pathogen contamination. Homemade raw diets allow complete ingredient control but require extensive knowledge to formulate properly.​

What do veterinarians think about raw feeding?

Most major veterinary organizations, including the American Veterinary Medical Association, Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, and others worldwide, advise against raw feeding due to documented health risks to pets and humans. These organizations state that scientific evidence of risks outweighs purported benefits. Individual veterinarian opinions vary, with some supporting raw feeding while others strongly oppose it.​

Can I mix raw food with kibble?

Mixing raw and kibble is controversial within the raw feeding community. Some claim different digestion rates make mixing inappropriate, while others see no issue with combination feeding. If mixing, be aware that feeding both increases complexity of ensuring nutritional balance. Combination feeding does not eliminate bacterial contamination risks from the raw portion.​

How long does raw dog food last?

Store frozen raw food for up to 6 months at appropriate freezer temperatures. Once thawed, use within 24-48 hours. Never refreeze thawed raw meat. Remove uneaten raw food within 30 minutes of feeding, especially in warm weather, as bacteria multiply rapidly at room temperature.

 Raw Dog Diets: Critical Safety Risks to Highlight

1. Bacterial Contamination (Most Important)

Salmonella – Found in 80% of raw food samples in dog bowls and 30% of stool samples. Dogs can become asymptomatic carriers, shedding bacteria for days after exposure without showing symptoms. Causes severe gastrointestinal illness and kidney failure in humans, with particular danger to pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals.​

E. coli (including antimicrobial-resistant strains) – The 2022 UK study is particularly damning: 54% of raw-fed dogs carried antimicrobial-resistant E. coli versus 17% of non-raw-fed dogs. Even more concerning, 31% carried third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (WHO highest priority critically important antimicrobials) versus only 4% of non-raw-fed dogs.​

Listeria monocytogenes – FDA testing found “quite a large percentage” of raw pet foods positive for this pathogen, which is especially dangerous to pregnant women, newborns, elderly, and immunocompromised persons.​

2. Human Health Risks (Zoonotic Transmission)

Humans get infected through handling raw pet food, cleaning contaminated bowls and surfaces, contact with dog saliva after eating, and contact with dog feces. Dogs shed bacteria for days to weeks even without showing illness signs themselves. Vulnerable populations face life-threatening risks: young children, elderly, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals.​

3. Nutritional Imbalances

FDA evaluation of five raw diets (three homemade, two commercial) found all had nutritional deficiencies or excesses that could cause serious health problems long-term, including insufficient calcium/phosphorus causing bone fractures and dental problems, excessive vitamin A from too much liver causing toxicity, inadequate fat causing poor coat and skin, and too much fat with insufficient protein causing mild anemia.​

4. Physical Hazards from Bones

Raw bones can cause choking, tooth fractures (from inappropriately hard bones), gastrointestinal obstruction, and internal punctures or perforations.​

5. Parasite Infections

Raw meat can harbor Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcoystis species, and other parasites normally killed during cooking.​

6. Veterinary Organizations’ Strong Opposition

Major organizations including AVMA, CVMA, and WSAVA actively discourage raw feeding, stating “scientific evidence of animal and human health risks in feeding raw meat-based pet food products outweighs any purported benefits”.​

7. Commercial Raw Food NOT Safer

FDA studies showed raw pet food was more likely contaminated with disease-causing bacteria than other pet food types tested. Commercial products have been subject to numerous recalls, including Darwin’s Natural Pet Products in 2025 for E. coli and Salmonella.​

8. Dogs Who Should NEVER Eat Raw Food

Dogs with cancer/on chemotherapy, immunosuppressive diseases, late-stage kidney or severe liver failure, pancreatitis or digestive issues (until resolved), puppies (due to precise nutritional needs during growth), and dogs in households with vulnerable humans.​

Key Statistics to Include:

• 89% of raw-feeding owners use homemade diets, yet only 15% formulate with veterinary guidance​
• FDA testing: 15 of 196 raw pet food samples contaminated with Salmonella or Listeria versus 1 of 480 other pet food samples​
• Raw-fed dogs had 3x higher rate of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (54% vs 17%)​

These evidence-based risks provide a balanced perspective showing why major veterinary organizations oppose raw feeding while acknowledging why some owners still choose it despite the dangers.

household contamination from raw dog food:

Critical Hand Hygiene Steps

Wash hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds:

• Before and after handling raw pet food
• After touching contaminated bowls, utensils, or surfaces
• Before handling ready-to-eat human foods
• After touching your dog (especially after they’ve eaten)
• After cleaning up dog feces​

Separation and Storage Protocols

Dedicated Equipment:

• Use separate cutting boards, knives, and bowls exclusively for raw pet food
• Color-code equipment (e.g., red for raw pet food) to prevent accidental cross-use
• Never use the same utensils for human and pet food without thorough washing​

Refrigerator/Freezer Storage:

• Store raw pet food on the bottom shelf in sealed containers or plastic bags to prevent juices from dripping onto human food
• Use lidded containers specifically designated for raw pet food only
• Keep raw pet food completely separate from human foods
• Never store in the same containers used for human food​

Surface Cleaning Protocol (Two-Stage Process)

Stage 1 – Cleaning:

• Wash all surfaces, cutting boards, bowls, and utensils with hot soapy water immediately after use
• Use paper towels for cleanup rather than cloth towels when possible (cloth towels harbor bacteria)
• If using cloth towels, launder them in hot water cycle immediately after each use​

Stage 2 – Disinfecting:

• After washing with soap and water, apply antibacterial spray or diluted bleach solution
• Follow product instructions for proper contact time (usually 30 seconds to several minutes)
• Ensure disinfectant complies with BS EN 1276 standard for effectiveness
• Clean floors in feeding areas where raw food juices may drip​

Feeding Area Management

During Feeding:

• Feed raw meals in easily cleanable areas (tile or linoleum, not carpet)
• Use washable mats under feeding bowls
• Remove uneaten food within 30 minutes
• Prevent dogs from licking faces, especially of children, after eating raw food​

After Feeding:

• Wash pet food bowls with hot soapy water after every meal
• Consider using dishwasher on high-heat cycle for sanitization
• Use disposable bowls for high-risk situations
• Clean the floor beneath and around feeding area with disinfectant​

Critical “Don’ts”

Never:

• Wash raw meat before feeding (splashing spreads bacteria up to 80cm from the sink, contaminating surrounding surfaces)
• Place cooked human food on surfaces that held raw pet food without washing first
• Use the same grocery bags for raw pet food and human food
• Let raw pet food sit at room temperature longer than 30 minutes
• Touch your phone, face, or other surfaces while handling raw pet food​

Waste Management

Fecal Cleanup:

• Dogs shed bacteria in feces for days to weeks after eating raw food
• Always use gloves or bags when picking up dog waste
• Wash hands thoroughly after cleanup
• Disinfect outdoor areas regularly
• Keep children away from areas where dogs defecate​

High-Risk Household Precautions

If household includes vulnerable individuals (young children, elderly, pregnant women, immunocompromised):

• Consider not feeding raw due to elevated risks
• If continuing, establish “no pet zones” in bedrooms
• Never allow dogs to lick vulnerable individuals
• Increase frequency of surface disinfection throughout home
• Supervise all interactions between vulnerable persons and raw-fed dogs​

Key Evidence-Based Statistics

Research shows that even with precautions, raw-fed dogs shed antimicrobial-resistant E. coli at 3x the rate of kibble-fed dogs (54% vs 17%), and Salmonella at significantly higher rates (4% vs 0%). This means contamination risk persists despite hygiene measures, which is why veterinary organizations recommend against raw feeding entirely.​

These hygiene steps can reduce but not eliminate contamination risks from raw feeding. The safest approach remains feeding properly formulated commercial cooked or kibble diets.